Following up on yesterday’s discussion about using Shakespeare to teach foreign languages, I spotted a pattern that gave me an idea. “To be or not to be” is fascinating on a number of levels – in this case it is a very simple string of very simple words, repeated, that also happen to represent several core language concepts — “be”, “to be” (infinitive), “or” (conjunction), “not” (negation).
So with that in mind and some help from NiceTranslator.com I typed that sentence (using “To be or not to be, that is the question” in case there were grammatical considerations in some languages) and asked it for a translation into some 50 different languages. I’m not sure how well this is going to handle all the special characters, but we’ll worry about that later. Right now I’m fascinated by the languages that fit a sort of “B O N B” pattern, where B is their word for “to be”, O for “or”, “N” for not.
I imagined something like a Shakespearean Rosetta stone, where you knew that the language in front of you, that’d you never seen before, represented Hamlet. How much of that language’s rules, vocabulary and grammar might you be able to discern?
The similarities, rather than the differences, are most fascinating. Consider Dutch: Zijn of niet zijn, dat is de vraag. Fits my “B O N B” pattern quite nicely. Now consider Turkish : Olmak ya da olmamak, bu soru için. With a slight change to the second instance of B (olmak -> olmamak), it still fits. But would you have ever imagined similarities in language between Dutch and Turkish? Or Czech: Být či nebýt, to je otázka, where the negation is written as a single word, Být becoming nebýt.
I’ve included the entire list here for reference. What other interesting similarities leap out at you? Which languages are clearly evolved from the same roots?
Disclaimer : I’m aware that these probably go under the heading of “literal translation” and thus are more subject to matching the pattern in the original source, than if you were to ask a native speaker to translate it more freely. Understood. But there are still plenty of languages on this list that don’t fit the pattern, so clearly there’s some level of reasoning that goes into the translation.
Afrikaans
Om te wees of nie te wees nie, dit is die vraag.
Albanian
Për të qenë apo jo që të jetë, kjo është pyetja.
أن تكون أو لا تكون ، تلك هي المسألة.
Belarusian
Быць ці не быць, вось у чым пытанне.
Bulgarian
Да бъде или да не се, това е въпросът.
Catalan
Ser o no ser, aquesta és la qüestió.
Czech
Být či nebýt, to je otázka.
Dutch
Zijn of niet zijn, dat is de vraag.
Estonian
Olla või mitte olla, selles on küsimus.
Filipino
Upang maging o hindi na, na ang tanong.
Finnish
Ollako vai eikö olla, että on kysymys.
French
Pour être ou ne pas être, telle est la question.
Galician
Ser ou non ser, velaí a cuestión.
German
Sein oder nicht sein, das ist die Frage.
Greek
Για να είναι ή να μην είναι, αυτό είναι το ζήτημα.
להיות או לא להיות, זו השאלה.
Hindi
हो सकता है या नहीं होना है, कि सवाल यह है कि करने के
लिए.
Hungarian
Kell vagy nem kell, hogy ez a
kérdés.
Icelandic
Að vera eða ekki vera, það er spurning.
Indonesian
Untuk dapat atau tidak dapat, bahwa pertanyaannya.
Lithuanian
Būti ar nebūti, tai yra klausimas.
Portuguese
Ser ou não ser, eis a questão.
Spanish
Ser o no ser, esa es la cuestión.
צו זייַן אָדער ניט צו זייַן, וואָס איז די פֿראַגע.
Ukrainian
Бути чи не бути, от у чому питання.
Slovenian
Biti ali ne biti, to je vprašanje.
Polish
Być albo nie być, oto jest pytanie.
Latvian
Būt vai nebūt, tas ir jautājums.
Japanese
されるかどうかに、それが問題だ。
Italian
Essere o non essere, questo è il problema.
Irish
Chun a bheith nó gan a bheith, go bhfuil an cheist.
Vietnamese
Để được hay không được, đó là câu hỏi.
Swahili
Kuwa au si kuwa, kwamba ni swali.
Swedish
Att vara eller inte vara, det är frågan.
Thai
เป็นหรือไม่เป็นที่เป็นคำถาม
Turkish
Olmak ya da olmamak, bu soru için.
Slovak
Byť či nebyť, to je otázka.
Serbian
Бити или не бити, то је питање.
Russian
Быть или не быть, вот в чем вопрос.
Romanian
Pentru a fi sau a nu fi, aceasta este întrebarea.
Malay
Untuk dapat atau tidak boleh, bahawa pertanyaannya.
Maltese
Biex tkun jew li ma tkunx, li hija l-kwistjoni.
Norwegian
Å være eller ikke være, det er spørsmålet.
بودن یا نبودن باشد ، که سوال.
Croatian
Biti ili ne biti, to je pitanje.
Welsh
I fod yn neu beidio, bod yn y cwestiwn.
Danish
At være eller ikke være, det er spørgsmålet.